Автор: Postolatiy V.V.. - Candidate of Veterinary Sciences
Childbirth in animals ends with the separation of the membranes (last). It is customary to talk about the detention of the placenta, when it did not separate from the mares after 35 minutes, in cows - after 10-12 hours, for a sheep and a goat - through 5 hours, pig, dogs, cats and rabbits - through 3 hours after childbirth. Retention of the placenta occurs in all animals., but due to the peculiarity of the structure of the placenta and the relationship between its fetal and maternal parts, it is more often observed in ruminants. Abortion in animals is also often accompanied by the retention of the membranes.. Depending on whether, whether all membranes leave the genital tract of the animal, detention is complete - when all the membranes remain in the birth canal and incomplete (partial), when separate areas of the chorion or single placenta remain in the uterine cavity (cows).
The causes of this pathology are divided into immediate and predisposing.
Immediate are: 1. atony of the uterus and insufficient tension of the sequential contractions. 2. fusion of the fetal part of the placenta with the maternal due to inflammatory processes in the endometrium or chorion of the fetus.
Of the predisposing factors, the conditions of detention are of great importance., lack of exercise. In all types of animals, not taking walks during pregnancy, retention of the placenta is massive, which is confirmed by the mass arrests of the placenta in cows in the winter - stall period.
All those factors predispose to the retention of the placenta., which cause a decrease in the tone of the muscles of the uterus and the body of women in labor: emaciation, obesity, lack of minerals and vitamins in the diet. Especially affects the retention of the placenta in highly productive cows by their highly concentrated type of feeding, lack of vitamins and minerals aggravated by the unfavorable microclimate in the barnyard. Double, as well as an oversized fetus, causing distension of the uterus and a decrease in the force of uterine contractions. Exhausting, difficult labor with damage to the birth canal. Retention of the placenta can be infectious (бруцеллез, trichomoniasis, etc.)
The retention of the placenta is facilitated by a deep metabolic disorder in the animal.. With the complete retention of the placenta from the external genital organs, a red or gray-red cord is visible. The cow has a surface (placenta) lumpy, the mare has velvety. It happens sometimes, that only flaps of the urinary and amniotic membranes without vessels are visible from the outside, in the form of gray-white films. If the animal has uterine atony, then outside we do not see the membranes, because. they are inside the cavity. To establish incomplete retention of the placenta, it is necessary to conduct a thorough examination of it.. In practice, this circumstance is completely ignored by veterinarians.. In the best cases, at the request of the service personnel, veterinarians conduct an audit of the uterine cavity for the presence or absence of an afterbirth or its individual parts.
The retention of the placenta in mares is accompanied by a severe general illness. Within a few hours after foal, general depression sets in., body temperature rises, breathing quickens, the mare moans and pushes. If you do not provide the necessary veterinary care in a timely manner, then during 2-3 days the mare will die of sepsis. If, with partial retention of the placenta, separate pieces of the membranes remain in the uterine cavity, then the animal develops metritis, and general depletion of the body.
In cows with complete retention of the placenta from the external genital organs, a significant part of the fetal membranes is visible, sometimes reaching the hock joints. Finding yourself in the unfavorable conditions of the barnyard, fallen out parts of the placenta, especially in the summer season, begin to decompose quickly, spreading an unpleasant putrid smell around itself. Microorganisms along the afterbirth penetrate into the uterine cavity, where there is a large number of decaying semi-liquid bloody masses. As a result of the rapid development of pathogenic microflora in the decaying tissues, there is a rapid process of formation of toxic substances., with their subsequent absorption into the blood, which leads to general intoxication of the body. The cow's appetite deteriorates, sometimes the body temperature rises, milk yield sharply decreases, due to a disorder of the gastrointestinal tract - profuse diarrhea. Musculature of the uterus - atonic, cervix - open (until the organ is completely cleansed). The cow hunches and pushes often.
When the afterbirth is partially delayed, decomposition of the placenta begins in the uterus on 4-5 day. Putrification is manifested by signs of purulent-catarrhal metritis. A large amount of pus is released from the genitals with an admixture of mucus and grayish crumb-like masses. Retention of the placenta, if medical assistance is not provided in a timely manner, leads to chronic metritis and often infertility.
In pigs and goats, retention of the placenta often leads to septicopyemia.. Retaining the placenta in dogs is especially dangerous., because. is rapidly complicated by sepsis and death of the animal. Лечение, started early, gives the best result, than belated. It is necessary to keep in mind, that with prolonged presence of the placenta in the atonic uterus, edema of the caruncles occurs, there is a rapid multiplication of pathogenic microflora with all the ensuing consequences.
Treatment should be comprehensive., systematically and aimed at increasing the body's resistance, strengthening the contractions of the muscles of the uterus and preventing the multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms. After the time required for removing the placenta from the uterus has passed, start conservative methods of separation of the placenta (drug administration, causing contraction of the muscles of the uterus and preventing the closure of its cervix - prostaglandins, folliculin, oxytocin, ergot alkaloids, uteroton, etc.), they can be applied three times, every 48 hours. To increase the general tone and to detoxify the body, intravenously injected 200 мл 10% solution ASD f2, 250—300 ml 40% glucose solution, 100ml of urotropine and 100-150 ml of 10% calcium chloride solution. Effective complex drug Ergofor intravenously in a dose 400 ml and stimulant – Intramuscular catosal 25 ml over 4 days. Inside, the cow is given dissolved in 1 liter of hot water 400-500 гр. sugar or honey. For the fastest contraction of the uterus and prevention of decomposition of the placenta, throughout 5 days one of the foaming antibacterial drugs is injected intrauterinely in shock doses (iodopen, утеротаб, энрофлон, eridon, etc.) before spontaneous rejection of the placenta, as a result of autolysis of caruncles. In addition to basic therapy, use tissue, having a reparative and stimulating effect. Its cheap and effective version is intramuscular administration of autologous blood in increasing doses., 25-50-75-100 ml with an interval between injections 48 hours. It is strictly forbidden to pour various aqueous solutions into the uterus., they cause maceration of the endometrium and precipitate mucopolysaccharides, reducing local protection factors. The operative department of the placenta is a relic of the past, it is not physiological, laborious, traumatic, accompanied by complications and lengthens the period of infertility.
In farms free from infectious diseases, when the placenta is detained, amniotic fluid is drunk through 6-7 hours after the birth of the calf in the amount 3-6 liters. Subcutaneously injected autologous in a dose 25 мл. If the general condition of the animal is poor, elevated body temperature, refusal of feed and other violations, associated with intoxication of the body and the development of postpartum sepsis, you need to immediately start intensive treatment of a sick animal (general antibiotic therapy, intravenous energy mixes, detoxifiers and uterotonics). Prevention is based on the prevention of uterine atony and fusion of chorionic villi with uterine caruncles (placentitis). To do this, animals must receive a complete nutritionally balanced diet.. Regular active exercise, carry out the correct timely launch of dry cows, focus on preventing abortion.
In farms with a weak fodder base, and the impossibility of providing adequate feeding is recommended - three times before calving every 10 days intramuscular administration of E-selenium to cows, Megavita or Eleovita - in a dose 10 мл.
Our grandmothers in order to prevent the retention of the placenta, cows after calving were given molozivo, raw testicles from their chickens, and also drank granulated sugar with swill. Many veterinarians have their own recipes for energy drinks, where are included - glucose, glycerol, propylene glycol, sodium propionate, humates and many other components. The majority of cow owners today prefer ready-made power plants. – these are powders for making swipes, as well as liquids, which contain vitamins – A, D, E, TO , B1, B2 ,AT 3, B4, B5, B6, B12, N, trace elements - copper, iodine, cobalt, Selenium, manganese, zinc, as well as magnesium, probiotics and sweetener. Energy data are given to the cow after calving, when during 15 minutes she licked her calf, before use, they are dissolved in 20-40 liters of warm water.
Due to the difficulty in balancing the cow's diet for vitamins and microelements, it is recommended for animal owners to introduce, premixes. Our company offers a complete list of feed additives for ruminants. We also help our partners in drawing up rations, and in the decision veterinary problems.